Process for Making Finished or Semi-Finished Articles of Silver Alloy Comprising Copper and Germanium

ABSTRACT

A process is provided for making a finished or semi-finished article of silver alloy, said process comprising steps of: providing a silver alloy containing silver in an amount of at least 77 wt %, copper and an amount of germanium that is at least 0.5 wt % and is effective to reduce tarnishing and/or firestain; making or processing the finished or semi-finished article of the alloy by heating at least to an annealing temperature; and gradually air cooling the article from the temperature at which it is made or processed to develop a Vickers hardness of more than 70.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a process for making finished or semi-finished articles of silver alloy and to articles made by the above process.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Molten silver and copper are completely soluble in each other in all proportions. However, alloys which have copper contents ranging from about 2% through 27%, when solidified and examined under a microscope, exhibit two discrete constituents: one is nearly 100% silver; the other is a silver-copper “eutectic” (71.9% silver; 28.1% copper), whose melting point is 1435° F. (780° C.). When standard sterling silver is cooled, microscopic analysis shows both of the above constituents to be present in the solidified sterling. The alloy is entirely liquid at 1640° F. (890° C.) and entirely solid at 1435° F. (780° C.) However, the degree of copper solubility in the solid alloy depends on the heat treatment used, and the overall physical properties of the sterling can be materially affected, not only by heating the silver to different temperatures, but also by employing different cooling rates.

Silver alloys are normally supplied soft—for easy working. Heat treatment can be used to increase hardness (and decrease ductility). The process, known as precipitation hardening involves heating and cooling the silver in such a way as to cause copper to precipitate out of solid solution, thereby producing a fine binary structure. This type of structure is hard, but it is also difficult to work, and has a tendency to crack. Precipitation hardening of conventional sterling silver can be achieved by (a) heating the alloy to or above 775° C., (b) holding the alloy at that temperature for 15-30 minutes for annealing thereof (i.e. dissolving all the copper in the silver), (c) quenching rapidly in cold water, which prevents formation of Cu-rich coarse precipitates which are ineffective in bringing about hardening, (d) re-hardening the softened alloy by heating to e.g. 300° C. for 30-60 minutes resulting in the formation of very fine Cu-rich particles which are effective in bringing about hardening and (e) air cooling. The annealing temperatures involved are very high and are close to the onset of melting. Furthermore, there are very few times in practical production that a silversmith can safely quench a piece of nearly finished work because of the risk of distortion of the article being made and/or damage to soldered joints. Silversmiths therefore regard precipitation hardening of sterling silver as of metallurgical interest only. It is too difficult for commercial or industrial production of articles of jewellery, silver plate, hollowware, and the like (see Fischer-Buhner, “An Update on Hardening of Sterling Silver Alloys by Heat Treatment”, Proceedings, Santa Fe Symposium on Jewellery Manufacturing Technology, 2003, 20-47 at p. 29.) and it is unnecessary because sterling silver as produced generally has hardness of 70 Vickers or above. Alloys of higher Vickers hardness are obtained by work hardening rather than precipitation hardening.

Patent GB-B-2255348 (Rateau, Albert and Johns; Metaleurop Recherche) discloses a novel silver alloy that maintains the properties of hardness and lustre inherent in Ag—Cu alloys while reducing problems resulting from the tendency of the copper content to oxidise. The alloys are ternary Ag—Cu—Ge alloys containing at least 92.5 wt % Ag, 0.5-3 wt % Ge and the balance, apart from impurities, copper. The alloys are stainless in ambient air during conventional production, transformation and fmishing operations, are easily deformable when cold, easily brazed and do not give rise to significant shrinkage on casting. They also exhibit superior ductility and tensile strength. Germanium was stated to exert a protective function that was responsible for the advantageous combination of properties exhibited by the new alloys, and was in solid solution in both the silver and the copper phases. The microstructure of the alloy was said to be constituted by two phases, a solid solution of germanium and copper in silver surrounded by a filamentous solid solution of germanium and silver in copper which itself contains a few intermetallic CuGe phase dispersoids. The germanium in the copper-rich phase was said to inhibit surface oxidation of that phase by forming a thin GeO and/or GeO₂ protective coating which prevented the appearance of firestain during brazing and flame annealing. Furthermore the development of tarnish was appreciably delayed by the addition of germanium, the surface turned slightly yellow rather than black and tarnish products were easily removed by ordinary tap water. It is explained that increased hardness can be developed by de-tensioning the alloy e.g. by heating to 500° C. and then heating the alloy to a “low annealing” temperature below 400° C. e.g. to 200° for 2 hours to give a Vickers hardness of about 140. However, there is no suggestion that such hardness can be achieved without the steps of heating to an annealing temperature followed by quenching, and therefore there is also no suggestion that the increased hardness can be achieved in nearly finished work.

Patents U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,071 and EP-B-0729398 (Johns) disclosed a silver/germanium alloy which comprised a silver content of at least 77 wt % and a germanium content of between 0.4 and 7%, the remainder principally being copper apart from any impurities, which alloy contained elemental boron as a grain refiner at a concentration of greater than 0 ppm and less than 20ppm. The boron content of the alloy could be achieved by providing the boron in a master copper/boron alloy having 2 wt % elemental boron. It was reported that such low concentrations of boron surprisingly provided excellent grain refining in a silver/germanium alloy, imparting greater strength and ductility to the alloy compared with a silver/germanium alloy without boron. The boron in the alloy inhibited grain growth even at temperatures used in the jewellery trade for soldering, and samples of the alloy were reported to have resisted pitting even upon heating repeatedly to temperatures where in conventional alloys the copper/germanium eutectic in the alloy would melt. Strong and aesthetically pleasing joints between separate elements of the alloy could be obtained without using a filler material between the free surfaces of the two elements and a butt or lap joint could be formed by a diffusion process or resistance or laser welding techniques. Compared to a weld in Sterling silver, a weld in the above-described alloy had a much smaller average grain size that improved the formability and ductility of the welds, and an 830 alloy had been welded by plasma welding and polished without the need for grinding. Again there is no disclosure or suggestion that precipitation hardening can be achieved safely in nearly finished work.

Argentium (Trade Mark) sterling comprises Ag 92.5 wt % and Ge 1.2 wt %, the balance being copper and about 4 ppm boron as grain refiner. The Society of American Silversmiths maintains a website for commercial embodiments of the above-mentioned alloys known as Argentium (Trade Mark) at the web address http:www.silversmithing.com/1argentium.htm. It discloses that Argentium Sterling is precipitation hardenable (i.e. by heating to an annealing temperature and quenching), that a doubling in final hardness can be achieved by reheating at temperatures obtainable in a domestic oven e.g. 450° F. (232° C.) for about 2 hours or 570° F. (299° C.) for about 30 minutes. It further discloses that the hard alloy can be softened by conventional annealing (i.e. heating to an annealing temperature and quenching) and then hardened again if required. However, there is no suggestion that precipitation hardening is appropriate for nearly finished work and that the problems of distortion and damage to soldered joints can be avoided.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,877 (Eccles) discloses inter alia an allegedly fire scale resistant, work hardenable jewellery silver alloy composition comprising 81-95.409 wt % Ag, 0.5-6 wt % Cu, 0.05-5 wt % Zn, 0.02-2 wt % Si, 0.01-2 wt % by weight B, 0.01-1.5 wt % In and 0.01—no more than 2.0 wt % Ge. The germanium content is alleged to result in alloys having work hardening characteristics of a kind exhibited by conventional 0.925 silver alloys, together with the firestain resistance of allegedly firestain resistant alloys known prior to June 1994. Amounts of Ge in the alloy of from about 0.04 to 2.0 wt % are alleged to provide modified work hardening properties relative to alloys of the firestain resistant kind not including germanium, but the hardening performance is not linear with increasing germanium nor is the hardening linear with degree of work. The Zn content of the alloy has a bearing on the colour of the alloy as well as functioning as a reducing agent for silver and copper oxides and is preferably 2.0-4.0 wt %. The Si content of the alloy is preferably adjusted relative to the proportion of Zn used and is preferably 0.15 to 0.2 wt %. Precipitation hardening following annealing is not disclosed, and there is no disclosure or suggestion that the problems of distortion and damage to soldered joints in nearly finished work made of this alloy can be avoided.

By way of background, U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,308 (Leach & Garner) discloses a hardenable silver alloy comprising not less than 90% silver; not less than 2.0% copper; and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of lithium, tin and antimony. The silver alloy can also contain up to 0.5% by weight of bismuth. Preferably, the metals comprising the alloy are combined and heated to a temperature not less than 1250-1400° F. (676-760° C.) e.g. for about 2 hours to anneal the alloy into a solid solution, a temperature of 1350° (732° C.) being used in the Examples. The annealed alloy is then quickly cooled to ambient temperature by quenching. It can then be age hardened by reheating to 300-700° F. (149-371° C.) for a predetermined time followed by cooling of the age hardened alloy to ambient temperature. The age-hardened alloy demonstrates hardness substantially greater that that of traditional sterling silver, typically 100 HVN (Vickers Hardness Number), and can being returned by elevated temperatures to a relatively soft state. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,757 (Leach & Garner) is similar. In both cases the disclosed annealing temperature is higher than that of Argentium, and neither reference discloses firestain or tarnish-resistant alloys. The inventor is not aware of the process disclosed in these patents being used for commercial production, and again there is no disclosure or suggestion that hardening can be achieved in nearly finished work.

A silver alloy called Steralite is said to be covered by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,817,195 and 5,882,441 and to exhibit high tarnish and corrosion resistance. The alloy of U.S. Pat. No. 5,817,195 (Davitz) contains 90-92.5 wt % Ag, 5.75-5.5 wt % Zn, 0.25 to less than 1 wt % Cu, 0.25-0.5 wt % Ni, 0.1-0.25 wt % Si and 0.0-0.5 wt % In. The alloy of U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,441 (Davitz) contains 90-94 wt % Ag, 3.5-7.35 wt % Zn, 1-3 wt % Cu and 0.1-2.5 wt % Si. A similar high zinc low copper alloy is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,446 (Bernhard) and is said to exhibit reduced firestain, reduced porosity and reduced grain scale. None of these references discusses annealing or precipitation hardenining.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

We have now found that Ag—Cu—Ge alloy workpieces heated to an annealing temperature can be hardened by gradual cooling followed by mild reheating to effect precipitation hardening, and that products of useful hardness can be obtained. The use of reheating to e.g. 180-350° C., and preferably 250-300° C., to develop precipitation hardness is typical. Significantly it has been found that over-aging of Ag—Cu—Ge alloys during precipitation hardening does not cause a significant drop-off of the hardness achieved. The new method of processing workpieces is applicable, for example as part of soldering or annealing in a mesh belt conveyor furnace or in investment casting, eliminates quenching e.g. with water which as explained above is required for Ag—Cu Sterling silver, and which as explained above can give rise to distortion or damage to the product, and therefore can be used for nearly finished work. The process is applicable to alloys of the general kind disclosed in GB-B-2255348. It is also believed to be applicable to some or all of the alloys disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,877, including those of relatively high germanium content and also those of lesser germanium content and relatively high zinc and silicon content.

The present invention provides a process for making a finished or semi-finished article of silver alloy, said process comprising the steps of:

-   -   providing a silver alloy containing silver in an amount of at         least 77 wt %, copper and an amount of germanium that is at         least 0.5 wt % and is effective to reduce tarnishing and/or         firestain;     -   making or processing the finished or semi-finished article of         the alloy by heating at least to an annealing temperature;     -   gradually cooling the article to ambient temperatures; and     -   reheating the article to effect precipitation hardening thereof.

The above process is based on a surprising difference in properties between conventional Sterling silver alloys and other Ag—Cu binary alloys on the one hand and Ag—Cu—Ge alloys on the other hand, in which gradual cooling of the binary Sterling-type alloys results in coarse precipitates and only limited precipitation hardening, whereas gradual cooling of Ag—Cu—Ge alloys results in fine precipitates and useful precipitation hardening, particularly where the alloy contains an effective amount of grain refiner. Gradual cooling includes the avoidance of any abrupt cooling step as when an article is plunged into water or other cooling liquid, and normally implies that cooling to ambient temperatures takes more than 10 seconds, preferably more than 15 seconds. Control can be achieved during the mesh belt conveyor furnace treatment of workpieces to be brazed and/or annealed by gradual cooling as the workpiece is moved towards the discharge end of the furnace. Control can also be achieved during investment casting if the piece being cast is allowed to air-cool to ambient temperature, the rate of heat loss being moderated by the low conductivity investment material of the flask.

When applied to finished or semi-finished articles of the alloys disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,877, said process comprises the steps of:

-   -   providing a silver alloy comprising at least 86 wt % Ag, 0.5-7.5         wt % Cu, 0.07-6 wt % by weight of a mixture of Zn and Si wherein         said Si is present in an amount of from about 0.02 to about 2.0         wt %, and from about 0.01 to no more than 3.0 wt % by weight Ge         (prefereably no more than 2.0 wt % Ge),     -   making or processing the finished or semi-finished article of         the alloy by heating at least to an annealing temperature;     -   gradually cooling the article; and     -   reheating the article to effect precipitation hardening thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Alloys that may be used in the above process

The alloys that may be treated according to the invention include an alloy of at least 77 wt % silver containing copper and an amount of germanium that is effective to reduce firestain and/or tarnishing. The inventor considers that 0.5 wt % Ge provides a preferable lower limit and that in practice use of less than 1 wt % is undesirable, amounts of 1-1.5 wt % being preferred.

The ternary Ag—Cu—Ge alloys and quaternary Ag—Cu—Zn—Ge alloys that can suitably be treated by the method of the present invention are those having a silver content of preferably at least 80 wt %, and most preferably at least 92.5 wt %, up to a maximum of no more than 98 wt %, preferably no more than 97 wt %. The germanium content of the Ag—Cu—(Zn)—Ge alloys should be at least 0.5%, more preferably at least 1.1%, and most preferably at least 1.5%, by weight of the alloy, up to a maximum of preferably no more than 3%. Major alloying ingredients that may be used to replace copper in addition to zinc are Au, Pd and Pt. Other alloying ingredients may be selected from selected from Al, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Er, Ga, In, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb Si, Sn, Ti, V, Y, Yb and Zr, provided the effect of germanium in terms of providing firestain and tarnish resistance is not unduly adversely affected. The weight ratio of germanium to incidental ingredient elements may range from 100:0 to 60:40, preferably from 100:0 to 80:20. In current commercially available Ag—Cu—Ge alloys such as Argentium incidental ingredients are not added.

The remainder of the ternary Ag—Cu—Ge alloys, apart from impurities, incidental ingredients and any grain refiner, will be constituted by copper, which should be present in an amount of at least 0.5%, preferably at least 1%, more preferably at least 2%, and most preferably at least 4%, by weight of the alloy. For an ‘800 grade’ ternary alloy, for example, a copper content of 18.5% is suitable. It has been found that without the presence of both copper and germanium, hardening upon re-heating may not be observed.

The remainder of a quaternary Ag—Cu—Zn—Ge alloys, apart from impurities and any grain refiner, will be constituted by copper which again should be present in an amount of at least 0.5%, preferably at least 1%, more preferably at least 2%, and most preferably at least 4%, by weight of the alloy, and zinc which should be present in a ratio, by weight, to the copper of no more than 1:1. Therefore, zinc is optionally present in the silver-copper alloys in an amount of from 0 to 100% by weight of the copper content. For an ‘800 grade’ quaternary alloy, for example, a copper content of 10.5% and zinc content of 8% is suitable.

In addition to silver, copper and germanium, and optionally zinc, the alloys preferably contain a grain refiner to inhibit grain growth during processing of the alloy. Suitable grain refiners include boron, iridium, iron and nickel, with boron being particularly preferred. The grain refiner, preferably boron, may be present in the Ag—Cu—(Zn)—Ge alloys in the range from 1 ppm to 100 ppm, preferably from 2 ppm to 50 ppm, more preferably from 4 ppm to 20 ppm, by weight of the alloy and very typically in the case of boron 1-10 ppm, e.g. 4-7 ppm.

In a preferred embodiment, the alloy is a ternary alloy consisting, apart from impurities and any grain refiner, of 80% to 96% silver, 0.1% to 5% germanium and 1% to 19.9% copper, by weight of the alloy. In a more preferred embodiment, the alloy is a ternary alloy consisting, apart from impurities and grain refiner, of 92.5% to 98% silver, 0.3% to 3% germanium and 1% to 7.2% copper, by weight of the alloy, together with 1 ppm to 40 ppm boron as grain refiner. In a further preferred embodiment, the alloy is a ternary alloy consisting, apart from impurities and grain refiner, of 92.5% to 96% silver, 0. 9% to 2% germanium, and 1% to 7% copper, by weight of the alloy, together with 1 ppm to 40 ppm boron as grain refiner. A particularly preferred ternary alloy being marketed under the name Argentium comprises comprises 92.5-92.7 wt % Ag, 6.1-6.3 wt % Cu and about 1.2 wt % Ge.

As previously explained, the alloys disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,726,877 comprise at least 86 wt % Ag, 0.5-7.5 wt % Cu, 0.07-6 wt % by weight of a mixture of Zn and Si wherein said Si is present in an amount of from about 0.02 to about 2.0 wt %, and from about 0.01 to no more than 3.0 wt % by weight Ge, preferably no more than 2.0 wt % Ge. In some embodiments at least 92.5 wt % of silver is present, 2-4 wt % Cu may be present, 2-4 wt % Zn is preferably present, 0.02-2 wt % Si is present and 0.04-3.0 wt % Ge is present. The alloys may also contain up to 3.5 wt % of at least one additive selected from the group consisting of In, B and a mixture of In and B, e.g. up to about 2 wt % B and up to 1.5 wt % In, and they may also contain 0.25-6 wt % Sn. One particular species of alloys comprises 81-95.409 wt % Ag, 0.5-6 wt % Cu, 0.05-5 wt % Zn, 0.02-2 wt % Si, 0.01-2 wt % B, 0.01-1.5 wt % In and 0.01-3 wto/o Ge. A second species of alloy comprises 75-99.159 wt % Ag, 0.5-6 wt % Cu, 0.05-5 wt % Zn, 0.02-2 wt % Si, 0.01-2 wt % B, 0.01-1.5 wt % In, 0.25-6 wt % Sn and 0.01-3 wt % Ge.

High copper alloys according to WO9622400 (Eccles) may also be used, and these are based on 2-5-19.5 wt % Cu, 0.02-2 wt % Si, 0.01-3.3 wt % Ge, the balance being silver, incidental ingredients and impurities. Examples of such alloys comprise (a) 92.5 wt % Ag, 7.0 wt % Cu, 0.2 wt % Si and 0.3 wt % Ge, (b) 92.5 wt % Ag, 6.8 wt % Cu, 0.3 wt % Si and 0.2 wt % Ge and 0.2 wt % Sn, (c) 83.0 wt % Ag, 16.5 wt % Cu, 0.2 wt % Si and 0.3 wt % Ge. In the case of these alloys, the combination of the germanium and copper content is believed to give rise to an ability to harden on heating to an annealing temperature, gradually air cooling and reheating under mild conditions to effect precipitation hardening.

Shaped or Fabricated Articles

In one embodiment the article is a shaped or fabricated article e.g. of jewellery, woven mesh or chain or mesh knitted from drawn wire, or of hollowware spun from sheet or tube made of the above alloy and is treated by heating to a soldering or annealing temperature by passage through a continuous mesh belt conveyor brazing or annealing furnace. Such conveyors are available from e.g. Lindberg, of Watertown, Wis., USA and Dynalab of Rochester N.Y. as mentioned above. Generally such articles will be a soldered or brazed assembly of two or more components.

When annealing, it is desirable that the furnace gas, although protective, should not deplete the surface layer of germanium, as this will reduce the tarnish resistance of the alloy and its resistance to firestain. Atmospheres may be of nitrogen, cracked ammonia (nitrogen and hydrogen) or hydrogen. The annealing temperature should preferably be within the range 620-650° C. It is desirable not to exceed a maximum temperature of 680° C. The annealing time for this temperature range is 30 to 45 minutes.

When brazing it should be noted that the addition of germanium lowers the melting temperature of the alloy by 59° F. (15° C.) relative to sterling silver. It is recommended that an “easy” or “extra easy” grade of solder should be used. The brazing temperature is preferably not more than 680° C., and preferably in the range 600-660° C. A low-melting solder (BAg-7) which may be used contains 56% silver, 22% copper, 17% zinc, and 5% tin. The BAg-7 solder (an international standard) melts at 1205° F. (652° C.). Solders containing germanium, which will give better tarnish protection are described in UK Patent Application 03 26927.1 filed 19 November 2003, the contents of which are incorporated by reference. A suitable solder which melts in the range 600-650° C. comprises about 58 wt % Ag, 2 wt % Ge, 2.5 wt % Sn, 14.5 wt % Zn 0.1 wt % Si, 0.14 wt % B, and the balance Cu., a practically used variant of that solder having the analysis 58.15 wt % Ag, 1.51 wt % Ge, 2.4 wt % Sn, 15.1 wt % Zn, 0.07 wt % Si, 0.14 wt % B, and the balance Cu.

Articles that are brazed by passage through a brazing furnace will, of course, have simultaneously been annealed. It has been found that precipitation hardening can develop without a quenching step by controlled gradual air-cooling in the downstream cooling region of the furnace. For this purpose, it is desirable that the material should spend at least about 10-15 minutes in the temperature range 200-300° C. which is most favourable for precipitation hardening. Articles which have been brazed in a furnace in this way, gradually cooled and then re-heated at 300° C. for 45 minutes have achieved hardness of 110-115 Vickers.

Compared to what is required for sterling silver, it will be noted that what is necessary for Argentium sterling and other germanium-containing silver alloys involves a reduced number of processing steps with avoidance of quenching and only mild reheating to precipitation hardening to a required level.

Investment Cast Articles

Argentium casting grain is melted using traditional methods (solidus 766° C., liquidus 877° C.) and is cast at a temperature of 950-980° C. and at a flask temperature of not more than 676° C. under a protective atmosphere or with a protective boric acid flux. Flask temperatures during investment casting may be e.g. 500-700° C. and it has been found that sound castings are relatively insensitive to flask temperature. The investment material which is of relatively low thermal conductivity provides for slow cooling of the cast pieces.

Investment casting with air-cooling for 15-20 minutes followed by quenching of the investment flask in water after 15-20 minutes gives a cast piece having a Vickers hardness of about 70, which is approximately the same hardness as sterling silver. Surprisingly it has been found that a harder cast piece can be produced by allowing the flask to cool in air to room temperature, the piece when removed from the flask having a Vickers hardness of about 110. Most standard investment removers will successfully remove the investment powder, as will a pneumatic hammer whose vibration can break up the investment. A water-knife can also be used for removing the investment. The production by casting of pieces that combine this degree of hardness with firestain and tarnish resistance has not been reported.

Even more surprisingly, and contrary to experience with Sterling silver, where necessary, the hardness can be increased even further by precipitation hardening e.g. by placing the castings or the whole tree in an oven set to about 300° C. for 45 minutes to give heat-treated castings of approaching 125 Vickers.

In particular, as explained by Fischer-Buhner (supra) at p. 41, with conventional sterling silver simple slow cooling of flasks after casting results in growth of coarse Cu-rich precipitates and eliminates the possibility of precipitation hardening during a subsequent aging treatment. Water quenching is required within a narrow and critical range of times after casting, typically 4 minutes after casting, the hardening effect being reduced both by quenching too soon and too late. In the case of pieces cast on a tree different cooling conditions at different places on the tree prior to quenching result in the individual cast pieces differing in their ability to become hardened during the subsequent precipitation hardening step. All these problems of additional processing steps and control difficulties are avoided by the use of Ag—Cu—Ge alloys as described herein.

The invention will now be further described with reference to the following Examples.

Examples 1-8

The alloys indicated in the table below were prepared by melting together the listed constituents, and were subjected to the tests indicated below. Compositions where boron is indicated to be present are believed to contain about 4 ppm boron, but were not separately assayed. It will be noted that a very significant hardness increase was noted for the germanium-containing alloys, except where there was no copper content, in which case no hardening was observed. It is surprising that useful hardening of the initially very soft allow of Example 4 was obtained. Cooling Cooling Annealed Example Zn Ge method 1* method 2* hardness* No Ag % % % B Cu % HV HV HV 1 95.44 0 1.5 4 ppm Balance 108 115 67 2** 96 0 1.55 Yes Balance 107 110 64 3** 96 0 2 Yes Balance 110 106 63 4** 97.30 0 1 Yes Balance 93 99 40 5** 98.66 0 1.2 Yes 0 28 28 28 No precipitation No precipitation hardening hardening 6** 95 1 1.5 Yes Balance 109 114 74 7** 93.2 0.7 1.3 Yes Balance 113 117 56 8** 92.7 2 1.3 Yes Balance 113 117 72 *Cooling method 1 - sample annealed at red heat (about 600° C.), air cooled, then heated at 300° C. for 45 minutes. Cooling method 2 - sample annealed at red heat (about 600° C.), quenched in water, then heated at 300° C. for 45 minutes. Annealed hardness - sample annealed (about 600° C.), air cooled, no further heat treatment. **No final assay results available. Table shows alloy make-up before melting.

Examples 9-10

Alloys of Examples 9 and 10 are prepared by melting with the following compositions: Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ag 92.5 92.5 Cu 2.35 3.0 Zn 2.82 3.14 Si 0.19 0.15 B 0.01 0.01 In 0.23 0.2 Ge 1.9 1.0

The two alloys are cast and are tested for Vickers Hardness as cast and when annealed at red heat (about 600° C.), air cooled, then heated at 300° C. for 45 minutes. The hardness rises to over 100 Vickers after the above described annealing and post-treatment without quenching.

Examples 11-12

Alloys of Examples 11 and 12 are prepared by melting with the following compositions: Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Ag 92.5 92.5 Cu 3.25 4.78 Zn 3.75 2.25 Si 0.2 0.2 B 0.01 0.01 In 0.25 0.075 Ge 0.04 0.125 Sn — 0.075

The above alloys are cast and are tested for Vickers Hardness as cast and when annealed at red heat (about 600° C.), air cooled, then heated at 300° C. for 45 minutes. The hardness rises significantly after the above described annealing and post-treatment without quenching. 

1-26. (canceled)
 27. A process for making a finished or semi-finished article of silver alloy, said process comprising the steps of: (i) providing a silver alloy containing silver in an amount of at least 77 wt %, copper and an amount of germanium that is at least 0.5 wt % and is effective to reduce tarnishing and/or firestain; (ii) making or processing the finished or semi-finished article of the alloy by heating at least to an annealing temperature; (iii) cooling the article gradually, without an abrupt cooling step, so that cooling to ambient temperature takes more than 10 seconds; and (iv) reheating the article to effect precipitation hardening thereof.
 28. The process of claim 27, wherein the article is of a ternary alloy of silver, copper and germanium.
 29. The process of claim 27, wherein the article is of a ternary alloy that consists, apart from impurities, of 92.5-98 wt % silver, 0.5-3 wt % germanium, and 1-7.2 wt % copper together with 1-40 ppm boron as grain refiner.
 30. The process of claim 27, wherein the article is of a ternary alloy of 92.5-92.7 wt % Ag, 6.1-6.3 wt % Cu, about 1.2 wt % Ge and 1-15 ppm boron as grain refiner.
 31. The process of claim 27, wherein the article is of a ternary alloy of 96-97.3 wt % Ag, 1-1.55 wt % Ge, balance copper and boron as grain refiner.
 32. The process of claim 27, wherein the article is a quaternary alloy of silver, copper, zinc and germanium.
 33. The process of claim 27, wherein annealing is during brazing the article in a furnace, and subsequent air cooling.
 34. The process of claim 33, wherein the alloy is annealed or brazed by heating in a furnace at 600-680° C.
 35. The process of claim 33, wherein the alloy is annealed or brazed by heating in a furnace at 600-660° C.
 36. The process of claim 33, wherein the alloy is brazed using a solder which comprises (a) 56% silver, 22% copper, 17% zinc, and 5% tin or (b) 58 wt % Ag, 2 wt % Ge, 2.5 wt % Sn, 14.5 wt % Zn 0.1 wt % Si, 0.14 wt % B, and the balance Cu.
 37. The process of claim 33, wherein annealing and/or brazing is carried out at a temperature of from 600-650° C.
 38. The process of claim 27, wherein the article is investment cast and air-cooled.
 39. The process of claim 27, wherein the article is of jewellery or giftware.
 40. The process of claim 27, wherein reheating is at 180-350° C.
 41. The process of claim 27, wherein reheating is at 200-300° C.
 42. A precipitation-hardenable silver alloy comprising 96-97.3 wt % Ag, 1-1.55 wt % Ge, balance copper and boron as grain refiner.
 43. The alloy of claim 42, containing about 97.3 wt % Cu, about 1 wt % Ge, balance copper and boron as grain refiner.
 44. The alloy of claim 42, precipitation hardened to a hardness of at least 93 HV. 